Conditions InDepth: Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Alcohol abuse
is the desire for alcohol even when there are alcohol-related work, legal, health, and family problems. Alcohol abuse can progress to alcohol dependence or alcoholism. Alcoholism is a condition in which a person becomes physically dependent on the effects of alcohol and drinks to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
Factors that contribute to alcohol abuse and alcoholism include:
- Genes
- Brain chemicals that may be different
- Social pressure
- Emotional stress
- Pain
- Depression
and other mental health problems
- Problem drinking behaviors learned from family and friends
It is estimated that nearly 17.6 million people in the United States abuse alcohol or are alcoholics. More men than women are alcohol dependent or have alcohol problems. Alcohol problems are highest among young adults, age 18 to 29, and lowest among adults age 65 and older.
Alcoholism can increase your risk of the following:
- Accidents and injury, including motor vehicle accidents and falls
- Violence, murder, and suicide
- Domestic violence
- Family problems
- Failed relationships
- Lost jobs
- Problems with the law, including drunk driving
- Depression
- Drug interactions
-
Certain
cancers, especially cancer of the
liver
,
esophagus
,
throat
,
larynx
, and
pancreas
- Pancreatitis
- Diabetes
- Hepatitis
-
Gastrointestinal problems (eg, bleeding,
diarrhea
,
hemorrhoids
,
ulcers
, and inflammation of the esophagus)
- Nerve damage
-
Sexual disorders, including
impotence
- Reproductive problems
- Postoperative complications (eg, infections, bleeding, and delayed healing)
- Other addictions
- Neurological problems and brain damage (in long-term use)
-
Liver damage, including
cirrhosis
- Heart and circulatory problems
- High blood pressure
- Pneumonia
and
acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Osteoporosis
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Hormonal problems in both sexes
- Fetal alcohol syndrome
(in the babies of women who drank during pregnancy)
- Malnutrition
- Disorders of the immune system and increased risk of infection
What are the risk factors for alcoholism?What are the symptoms of alcoholism?How is alcoholism diagnosed?What are the treatments for alcoholism?Are there screening tests for alcoholismHow can I reduce my risk of alcoholism?What questions should I ask my doctor?What is it like to live with alcoholism?Where can I get more information about alcoholism?References
Alcohol use disorder. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/what.php
. Updated October 5, 2012. Accessed November 21, 2012.
American Psychiatric Association.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
.
4th ed. Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
Grant BF, Dawson DA, Stinson FS, Chou SP, Dufour MC, Pickering RP. The 12-month prevalence and trends in DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence, United States, 1991-1992 and 2001-2002.
Drug Alcohol Dependence
.
2004;74:223-234. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism website. Available at:
http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh29-2/79-93.htm
. Accessed November 21, 2012.
Stern, TA et al.
Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry
. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier, 2008.
3/5/2010 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance
DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance
: Tramacere I, Scotti L, Jenab M, et al. Alcohol drinking and pancreatic cancer risk: a meta-analysis of the dose-risk relation.
Int J Cancer
. 2010;126(6):1474-1486.